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Corporate Governance as a Safeguard for Minority Shareholders

Corporate governance protects minority shareholders from majority overreach while supporting accountability, market stability, and investor confidence.

Liability for the Acts of Others

Liability for the acts of others explains when civil law requires one person to compensate for harm caused by another, despite no direct personal fault.

Amendable Memorandum of Understanding Template

An amendable memorandum of understanding template covering purpose, cooperation scope, confidentiality, term, termination, and signatures.

Limits of the Conclusive Oath in Syrian Civil Evidence

An analytical study of the limits of the conclusive oath in Syrian civil evidence, focusing on formal requirements, official records and public order under Ruling No. 4886 of 1963.

The 5Why Methodology in Legal Practice

The "5Why" methodology in legal practice: How does it uncover the real cause behind losing cases and disputes? In legal practice many believe the loss stems from the court ruling or weak advocacy, but experience shows the judgment is often the result of a chain...

Subject Matter of a Contract under Syrian Law

The subject matter of a contract under Syrian law, its requirements, and how their absence affects validity. A valid contract requires more than mutual consent: the agreed performance must be legally recognizable and capable of producing binding effects.

Contractual Capacity under Syrian Law

Contractual capacity under Syrian law: who may conclude a contract, and how does a lack of capacity affect its validity? Consent, a lawful object, and a lawful cause are not enough; the intention must also come from a person with legal capacity to undertake the transaction.

Consent in Syrian Law

Consent in Syrian law: offer, acceptance, and how a contract is formed. Consent is the cornerstone of contract theory and the basis from which all contractual relationships arise.

Contracts in Syrian Law

Contracts in Syrian law: concept, elements, characteristics, and practical importance. This introductory article explains contract theory in Syrian law in language that combines legal precision with practical clarity, focusing on the general concept of the contract and its characteristics.

Compensation for Breach of Contract under Syrian Law

An overview of the conditions, scope, and judicial assessment of compensation for breach of contract under Syrian law.

When Is an Arbitral Tribunal Incompetent? Effect of Breaching the Arbitration Clause

This study explains that an arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction does not arise merely from the existence of an arbitration clause, but depends on compliance with the institution, rules, and formation mechanism agreed by the parties. The dispute concluded with the tribunal held to lack jurisdiction to hear the claim, and the party who initiated proceedings before an incorrect forum ordered to bear the arbitration costs.

Syria

Analysis of a Complex Real Estate Case in Syria

This study concerns a complex real estate dispute in Syria in which an heir claims entitlement to the value of a property formerly owned by his father. Ownership was transferred to the grandmother, who later sold the property to a third party shortly before the father’s death. The case focused on suspected irregularities in the transfer of ownership, the absence of genuine consideration, and the fictitious price recorded in the sale contract. **CounselO | كاونسلو** helped reconstruct the case legally by reviewing contracts and real estate records, analyzing examination transcripts, arranging the chronology of events, and highlighting the discrepancy between the recorded price and the property’s actual value. As a result, the court moved toward commissioning a **real estate expert valuation** to determine the property’s actual value, marking an important shift in the proceedings. In summary, CounselO’s support transformed a general claim into an organized legal case grounded in evidence, chronology, admissions, and the fictitious recorded price.

Syria

Smart Legal Negotiation

This case study examines CounselO’s role in reviewing a non-disclosure agreement for an international technology project by analysing legal and commercial risks and negotiating more balanced provisions. The review focused on key issues including dispute resolution, the non-circumvention period, the definition of business opportunities, limitations of liability, brand identity protection, and the regulation of future relationships. Most proposed amendments were accepted, while the foreign arbitration clause remained under negotiation. The study demonstrates the importance of specialised legal review in protecting interests and reducing risks before international contracts are signed.

Syria

Framework Agreement for Technology Services and AI Solutions

This framework agreement governs the contractual relationship between ..... Company for Artificial Intelligence and Data Solutions and the client for the provision of specialized technology services in artificial intelligence, data engineering, digital transformation, advanced analytics, business intelligence, cloud computing, automation, digital twins, and technical support.

Syria